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1992-10-08
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International Power/Video/Radio Standards:
By: Colin A. McGregor
Copyright: Colin A. McGregor
A while back I worked in the TV department of a large Canadian
retail chain, and on a semi-regular basis I would run into
questions like the following:
I want to buy this movie on video tape, and send it to a
relative in <<country name>>, will there be a problem?"
or
I plan to visit <<country name>>, and I want to use my
<<appliance name>>, will there be any problems?"
Except for a few obvious nations such as the U.S.A., the best we
were able to offer is "I don't know." or "I'm not sure". For the
past while, I have attempted to get the answer to these questions,
and they are surprisingly hard to find.
What follows is the best set of answers I was able to put together.
If you are aware of any problems with this write-up please let me
know either via internet at: colin.mcgregor@canrem.com or via
conventional mail, Colin A. McGregor, 151 Roehampton Ave., Toronto,
Ontario, M4P 1P9, Canada.
Electrical Power Standards:
When travelling abroad there are three questions that have to be
dealt with, the type of plug, the voltage and the frequency (in
hertz or Hz). I will explain and deal with each of these in turn.
Plugs:
When you plug an appliance into the wall, you expect to see at the
end of the appliances power cord two thin flat parallel blades.
Depending on the appliance you may see a thick round pin mid way
between, somewhat out of line of the two flat blades. The wall
outlet will of course be designed to accept this sort of plug. But,
this arrangement is hardly a worldwide standard, there are eight
other plug/socket arrangements in use world wide.
Fortunately, of the problems facing international travellers this
is the least serious. Many stores sell adaptors that snap onto the
end of a Canadian appliance's power cord that will allow them to
plug into almost any of the other standards quite easily. A package
of adaptors that will handle all of the standards is less than $20,
and is small enough to be very easily packed.
Do not assume however that as soon as you can plug the appliance
into a wall outlet that your all set, in fact under some situations
this is a sure way of destroying an appliance, so please keep
reading.
Power:
Worldwide standards for power run from 100 volts (in Japan) to a
high of 250 volts (some parts of South Africa). Canadian appliances
will not have trouble with anything between 110 and 120 volts. Most
Canadian appliances will not have trouble dealing with voltages
between 100 volts and 130 volts. There are a few appliances (such
as some electric razors, some hair dryers, some irons, and a few
computers) that can deal with (or have a switch that allows them to
deal with) 220 and/or 240 volts without trouble. If your not sure
how wide a range your appliance can handle, check with the
manufacturer.
Keep in mind that SOME countries have different voltages in
different parts of the country (in some cities you can find
different voltages in different parts of the same city!). So do
double check what voltage you are dealing with each time you change
location. An example of this is Italy, northern Italy (like most of
Europe) is 220 volts, southern Italy is 110 to 127 volts, with the
dividing line running through Rome.
If you plug an appliance into a voltage source it was not designed
for the appliance either will not work, or (more likely) be damaged
or destroyed.
Now, if someone really does want to take an appliance abroad that
was not designed to deal with 240 volts then they may still be in
luck. Many stores sell transformers that will transform 240 volts
into 120 volts (and 220 volts into 110 volts (in other words the
transformers drop the voltage in half)). These transformers are
available in two versions, one is for small appliances of up to 50
watts (radios, razors, etc.), the other (using a different internal
design) is for appliances of up to 1500 watts (hairdryers,
hotplates, etc.). Both types of transformer are under $30 each and
are small enough to be easily packed.
Frequency:
In Canada the power coming out of an electrical outlets goes in one
direction, then it stops, goes in the other direction, stops and
then repeats the cycle over and over again. This flipping goes on
60 times per second and is called known as 60 Hertz (Hz) power. In
much of the world the standard is 50 Hz power.
Many electric motors use this 60 times a second switch to control
their speed. For many appliances going to 50 Hz not a real problem
(who cares if the motor in their hair dryer or razor is a bit
slower, it will still do the job). Problems do occur with
appliances such as clocks and tape recorders (where running at 5/6
normal speed will make the equipment effectively useless!). SOME
electronic equipment (such as some digital clocks, and some
computers) use the 60 times a second change to govern internal
operations, and will not run or work properly at 50 Hz. As well,
electrical transformers will run somewhat hotter at 50 Hz than at
60 Hz, there are horror stories of people setting up poorly
designed 60 Hz electronic equipment in hot 50 Hz climates and then
finding the transformers melting out of the equipment. To be sure
the equipment will work in a 50 Hz area, check to see if the unit
says something like "50 Hz - 60 Hz", or check with the
manufacturer.
As with voltage you will find a few counties were the frequency
varies depending on where you are in the country. For example
northern Japan (north of Mt. Fuji) is 50 Hz, southern Japan (south
of Mt. Fuji) is 60 Hz.
Unlike voltage there are no simple/cheap ways of getting around
differences in frequency. If you MUST use a 60 Hz only appliance in
a 50 Hz country you have three options, none are pleasant. The
first option is to replace the part(s) that are causing the
problem(s) (motors, transformers, and/or electronic parts), this
requires someone knowledgeable about the appliance, and suitable
parts must be available. Another option is to get a device that
converts 50 Hz power to 60 Hz power, the only commercial units that
do this are large, heavy, and expensive. The third approach is to
generate the power you need from scratch with a portable generator,
an expensive, messy but workable option. In other words, as a rule
it would be cheaper to get a new appliance (or appliances) rather
than attempting to get around frequency problems.
A final note from the strange file is that in some parts of rural
Australia (and in a few other corners of the world) they use direct
current (D.C.) instead of the alternating current used everywhere
else in the world. Direct current is poison as far as almost all
electrical appliances in current use around the world. Almost any
equipment with a motor, and any equipment with a transformer will
either just not work, or be destroyed by being attached to a direct
current power source. The only "typical" equipment that can be
attached to D.C. power without trouble are things like heaters
(that do not have fans), and electric non-florescent lights. The
small number (and it is a very small number) of electrical products
that can run on D.C. power will have a sign on the item that reads
something like "D.C. - A.C.".
Video Standards:
All the world's colour TV standards use the same concept, transmit
the black & white picture and on a separate signal send the
information to colour that black & white picture. The black & white
picture is described with a letter (B, D, G, H, K, L, M, N, and V),
the standard for Canada is the M system. There are three different
systems for adding colour to a TV picture (NTSC, PAL, and SECAM),
the standard in use in Canada is NTSC. In other words if you want
to send (or get) a video tape from someone using "NTSC-M" there
will not be any problem.
Things do get a bit strange around the edges. Consider for a moment
a country like Thailand, they do have TV transmitters that
broadcast using the M system, but the colour signal is encoded
using the PAL system. If you played a PAL-M tape on an NTSC-M VCR
you would get a black and white picture. However, the reverse would
not work, you could not get a useable picture from a NTSC-B video
tape on an NTSC-M VCR.
As well, yes, some counties do have different standards depending
on where you are in the country (and in some countries the
standards overlap).
If you MUST see a video tape that was recorded in a different
standard there are four options, none of them great.
There are firms that specialize in converting video tapes from one
standard to another. These services are not cheap, but if you only
have a small number of video tapes to convert they are a lot
cheaper than doing the conversion yourself. As well, keep in mind
that these companies can only convert material that you have
copyright on, or are in the public domain (so, you can have them
convert things like your kids birthday party, or your wedding, but
not things like the latest movie). You can find a number of firms
that do conversion in the "Yellow Pages" under "Video-Production".
If you can see yourself getting a lot of video tapes from ONE
country and just need to deal with just one video standard, the
easiest way to deal with things might be just to get a TV and VCR
from that country. This does carry the potential problem of power
differences (noted above). If you can deal with power differences
this is a workable solution, but if anyone at the other end wants
to receive video tapes from you they will need a similar NTSC-M TV
and VCR combination. As well keep in mind that Canadian
distributers of foreign made products are reluctant or will refuse
to service equipment designed for other parts of the world, so if
anything goes wrong you may be faced with shipping the item out of
Canada to be repaired.
Another way to get around the standards dilemma is to get a multi-
standard TV and VCR. These machines will at the flick of a switch
go from one video standard to another. They do not convert the
signal, but they do let you play video tapes from anywhere. There
are a few shops in Canada that do handle multi-standard TVs and
VCRs, but as none of these machines are being handles by the
Canadian distributers of these brands, if anything goes wrong with
the equipment, you are dependant on the store that sold you the
machine.
The last option is the best if you need to do a lot of conversion,
get a machine that can convert between standards. The cheapest
machine that I am aware of that can do this is the Panasonic AG-W1
for about $3,500. This machine is available from Panasonic Canada,
and it can be special order through many large department stores.
With two machines like this you can convert from any standard to
any standard. Or, this machine and a standard NTSC-M VCR and you
can convert any video tape to/from NTSC-M. Best of all, since this
machine is handled via Panasonic Canada it has the full factory
warranty, and you can get the machine serviced in Canada.
Two notes for people who would like to take a TV set with them
while traveling. Some countries (the U.K. for example) require that
you pay a yearly licence fee in order to own a TV. If you don't pay
the fee you could (depending on the country) be looking at losing
the T.V., and/or a fine. So, to avoid problems while traveling,
check to see what (if any) licences are required in order to own a
TV.
Another trap for travels relates to frequency assignments. Canada
and Japan are both NTSC-M nations, so you should be able to take
you T.V. from Canada and use it in Japan right? Wrong! The
frequencies assigned to the channels are different between Canada
and Japan. Depending on how far you can adjust the fine tunning on
your T.V. (or how far you T.V.'s automatic fine tune can adjust)
you may be able to get some Japanese stations in Japan, but it is
almost certain that you will not be able to get all of them.
Radio:
Before we leave the subject of international standards all
together, there are two potential traps connected with taking
radios outside North America, traps that can affect even radios
that were just designed for running on batteries.
The first is channel spacing. In North America AM radio stations
are separated by multiples of 10 kHz, in Europe (and most of the
rest of the world) the standard is 9 kHz. For owners of regular
dial radios, this is not a problem. For owners of AM/FM radios with
a digital display there will probably be a problem. The digital
radios are pre-set to look for radio stations at 540 kHz, then 550
kHz, then 560 kHz, etc. In Europe the sequence goes 558 kHz, 567
kHz, 576 kHz, etc.. A few digital AM/FM radios have a switch
(usually in an inconspicuous spot, like the battery compartment)
allowing you to select between North American and non-North
American channel spacing. If the digital radio does not have this
switch then you may well find yourself unable to tune into any
local radio stations when you go abroad.
The other potential trap only concerns shortwave radio owners
travelling to Germany. German radio regulations forbid anyone from
owning a shortwave radio that can tune in above 26.1 MHz. This is
a possible problem because some of the top line shortwave radios
that we carry (at selected stores) can tune in between 26.1 MHz and
30 MHz. Apparently German customs officials almost never hassle
tourists with portable shortwave radios, but be warned that there
is a potential problem here.
Table Guide:
A quick guide to how the Video/Power chart is set up. When I could
not locate information on a particular country, I left the spot
blank.
Nation: Unfortunately a possible bone of contention, given that
some nations are in land disputes, and have internal disputes of
various types. If you have any questions about the names that I
have used, please contact me via the feedback form at the end of
this book, and if there is a consciences for change here, I will
update future versions of this list.
Voltage/Frequency: As noted earlier, the voltage and frequency in
a number of countries varies depending on where you are.
Plug: My information for this section came from The A.R.R.L.
Operating Manual, editor: Steve Ford WB8IMY. The plugs listed are:
A- Canadian/U.S.A. 2 blade plug. Two thin flat parallel blades.
B- Canadian/U.S.A. 3 blade plug. Two thin flat parallel blades,
with a thick round grounding pin.
C- Standard in most of Europe. Two thick round pins.
D- Similar to the European standard, but with three thick round
pins.
E- Similar to the European standard, but with a grounding pin
sticking out from the outlet.
F- Similar to the European standard but with grounding contacts
on the edge of the outlet.
G- Standard in the U.K.. Three thick rectangular pins
H- Australia/New Zealand 2 blade plug. Two thin flat blades
mounted at a 45 degree angle.
I- Australia/New Zealand 3 blade plug. Two thin flat blades
mounted at a 45 degree angle with the third pin mounted below
the widest part of the two pins.
J- The reverse of "I". Two flat blades mounted at a 45 degree
angle with the third pin mounted below the narrowest point of
the two pins.
Video: My source for this column came from World Radio TV Handbook,
1992 Edition, editor: Andrew G. Sennitt. This book lists what
type(s) of TV transmitters are set up in a given country. The book
does not list what sort(s) of VCRs are in use in a given country.
This could be a problem in border areas, if the person you are
sending videos to is watching TV from the other side of the border.
As well, you will see some countries do not have any TV
transmitters (best guess here would be to see what the neighbouring
country(s) use).
References:
World Radio TV Handbook, 1992 Edition, editor: Andrew G. Sennitt,
1992, Billboard Publications, New York, NY.
The A.R.R.L. Operating Manual, Fourth Edition, editor: Steve Ford
WB8IMY, 1991, The American Radio Relay League, Inc.,Newington, CT.,
ISBN: 0-87259-032-1
Pan Am's World Guide, Editor: Maureen A. Hickey, 1982, McGraw Hill,
New York, NY, ISBN: 0-07-048433-3 International Standards List:
Nation: Voltage/Frequency: Plug: Video:
Afghanistan 220v/50Hz D PAL/SECAM-B
Albania PAL-B&G
Algeria 220v/50 Hz (110-115v) C & D PAL-B
Andorra 125v/50 Hz
Angola 220v/50Hz C PAL-I
Antigua & Barbuda 220v/60Hz (120v/60Hz) NTSC-M
Argentina 220v/60Hz C & G PAL-N
Aruba 110-130v/50Hz (60Hz) NTSC-M
Australia 240v/50Hz (DC) I PAL-B
Austria 220v/50Hz F PAL-B&G
Azores (Portugal) 220v/50Hz C & D PAL-B
Bahamas 120v/60Hz A & B NTSC-M
Bahrain 230v/50Hz D & G
Balearic Islands (Spain) 110-120v/50Hz
Bangladesh 220v/50Hz C & D PAL-B
Barbados 110v/50Hz A & B NTSC-M
Belgium 220v/50Hz (130v) C & E PAL-B&H
Belize 110v/60Hz A & B NTSC-M
Benin 220v/50Hz D SECAM-K
Bermuda 115v/60Hz A, B, G, & I NTSC-M
Bhutan
Bolivia 220v/50Hz (110v) A, B, C, & F NTSC-M&N
Botswana 220v/50Hz D & G SECAM-K
Brazil 110v/60Hz (220-127v) A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J PAL-M
Brunei Darussalam 110,127,220v/50,60Hz PAL-B
Bulgaria 220v/50Hz C & F SECAM-D&K
Burkina Faso 220v/50Hz C SECAM-K
Burma - See: Myanmar
Burundi 220v/50Hz C, E, & F SECAM-K
Cambodia (ex: Kampuchea) 120,208,220v/50Hz SECAM-M
Cameroon 110-220v/50Hz C & E PAL-B
Canada 115v/60Hz A & B NTSC-M
Canary Islands (Spain) 125v/50Hz (220v) C & E PAL-B&G
Cape Verde 220v/50Hz C & F
Central African Republic 220v/50Hz C
Chad 220v/50Hz D, E, & F SECAM-D
Channel Islands (U.K.) 240v/50Hz C & G
Chile 220v/50Hz C NTSC-M
China, People's Republic of 220v/50Hz C & J PAL-D
Chistmas Island (Austrailia) 220v/50Hz
Cocos Islands (Austrailia)
Colombia 110v/60Hz (150v) A & C NTSC-M
Comoros 220v/50Hz
Comm. of Independent States (ex USSR) 220v/50Hz (127v) C & I SECAM-D&K
Congo 220v/50Hz C SECAM-D
Cook Islands 220v/50Hz PAL-B
Costa Rica 110v/60Hz A,D,I, & J NTSC-M
Cuba 110v/60Hz NTSC-M
Cyprus 240v/50Hz G SECAM-B&G Nation: Voltage: Plug: Video:
Czechoslovakia 220v/50Hz E SECAM-D&K
Denmark 220v/50Hz C PAL-B
Diego Garcia (U.K.) 110v/60Hz NTSC-M
Djibouti 220v/50Hz C & E SECAM-V
Dominca, Commonwealth of 220-240v/50Hz G NTSC-M
Dominican Republic 110v/60Hz A & J NTSC-M
Easter Island (Chile)
Ecuador 110v/60Hz A & C NTSC-M
Egypt 220v/50Hz (110-120v) C SECAM-B
El Salvadore 110v/50Hz A,B,G,I, & J NTSC-M
Equatorial Guinea 220v/50Hz C SECAM-B
Estonia SECAM-D&K
Ethiopia 220v/60Hz C, D, & F PAL-B
Falkland Islands (U.K.) PAL-I
Faroe Islands (Denmark) 220v/50Hz C PAL-B&G
Fiji 240v/50Hz I NTSC-M
Finland 220v/60Hz C & F PAL-B&G
France 220v/50Hz C SECAM-L
Gabon 220v/50Hz C & E SECAM-K
Galapagos Islands (Ecuador) NTSC-M
Gambia 230v/50Hz G
Germany 220v/50Hz F & C PAL-B/SECAM-G
Ghana 240v/50Hz C, D, & G PAL-B
Gibraltar (U.K.) 240-250v/50Hz C & G PAL-B&G
Gilbert Is. - See: Kiribati
Greece 220v/50Hz C, D, & F SECAM-B&G
Greenland (Denmark) 220v/50Hz (110v/50Hz) C PAL-B (NTSC-M)
Grenada 230v/50Hz C, D, & G NTSC-M
Guadeloupe 220v/50Hz C, D, & E SECAM-K
Guam (U.S.A.) 120v/60Hz A & B NTSC-M
Guatemala 110v/60Hz A & I NTSC-M
Guiana (France) 220v/50Hz (110v) SECAM-K
Guinea 220v/50Hz C & E PAL-K
Guinea-Bissau 220v/50Hz C, D, & F
Guyana 110v/60Hz A, B, C, D, & G NTSC-M
Hati 110v/50Hz A, B, I, & J NTSC-M
Honduras 110v/60Hz (220v) A & B NTSC-M
Hong Kong (U.K.) 200v-220v/50Hz D PAL-I
Hungary 220v/50Hz C SECAM-D&K
Iceland 220v/50Hz C & F PAL-B&G
India 220v/50Hz C & D PAL-B
Indonesia 220v/50Hz C, E, & F PAL-B
Iran 220v/50Hz SECAM-B
Iraq 220v/50Hz C, D, & G SECAM-B
Ireland 220v/50Hz F & G PAL-I
Isle of Man (U.K.) 240v/50Hz C & G
Israel 220v/50Hz C, D, & J PAL-B&G
Italy 220v/50Hz (110-127v) C & F PAL-B&G
Ivory Coast 220v/50Hz C SECAM-K
Jamaica 110v/50Hz A & B NTSC-M
Japan 100v/50Hz (60Hz) A NTSC-M Nation: Voltage: Plug: Video:
Jordan 220v/50Hz C, F, & G PAL-B&G
Kampuchea - See: Cambodia
Kenya 220v/50Hz D & G PAL-B
Kiribati (ex: Gilbert Is.) 240v/50Hz
Korea, North PAL-D&K
Korea, South 110v/60Hz A & F NTSC-M
Kuwait 240v/50Hz C, D, & G PAL-B&G
Laos 127v/50Hz A & C PAL-M
Latvia SECAM-D&K
Lebanon 190v/50Hz (110v) C SECAM-B&G
Lesotho 240v/50Hz C PAL-I
Liberia 120v/60Hz A & G PAL-B
Libya 127-130v/50Hz D PAL-B
Licechtenstein 220v/50Hz
Lithuania SECAM-D&K
Lord Howe Island (Austrailia) 240v/?Hz
Luxembourg 220v/50Hz (110v) C & F PAL/SECAM-B,L&G
Macau (Portugal) 110v/50Hz C & D PAL-I
Madagascar 127v/50Hz (220v) C & E SECAM-K
Madeira (Portugal) 220v/50Hz C & D SECAM-K
Malawi 230v/50Hz G
Malaysia 220v/50Hz G PAL-B
Maldives 230v/50Hz D PAL-B
Mali 220v/50Hz C & E SECAM-K
Malta 240v/50Hz G PAL-B
Marshall Islands 110v/60Hz
Martinique 240v/50Hz C, D, & E PAL-B
Mauritania 200v/50Hz C SECAM-B
Mauritius 240v/50Hz SECAM-B
Mayotte (France) ?v/50Hz SECAM-B
Mexico 127v/60Hz A SECAM-K
Micronesia 110v/60Hz NTSC-M
Monaco 220v/60Hz C, D, E, & F NTSC-M
Mongolia 220v/50Hz SECAM&PAL-L&G
Monserrat 220-230v/60Hz A, B & G SECAM-D
Morocco 110-120v/60Hz C, D, E, & F NTSC-M
Mozambique 110-120v/50Hz C & F SECAM-B
Myanmar (ex: Burma) 230v/50Hz D & G PAL-B
Namibia 220v/50Hz D PAL-I
Nauru 220v/50Hz PAL-I
Nepal 220v/50Hz D
Netherlands 220v/50Hz C & F PAL-B
Netherlands Antilles 127,220v/50,60Hz A, B, C, D, & F NTSC-M
New Caledonia (France) 220v/50Hz SECAM-K
New Hebrides - See: Vanuatu
New Zealand 230v/50Hz I PAL-B
Nicaragua 230v/50Hz A NTSC-M
Niger 220v/50Hz C SECAM-K
Nigeria 220v/50Hz D & G PAL-B&G
Niue Island (N.Z. Dependency) 220v/50Hz
Norway 220v/50Hz C & F PAL-B&G Nation: Voltage: Plug: Video:
Oman 220v/50Hz D & G PAL-B&G
Pakistan 220-240v/50Hz C & D PAL-B
Palau 220v/60Hz NTSC-M
Panama 110v/60Hz A & B NTSC-M
Papua New Guina 240v/50Hz H & I PAL-B&G
Paraguay 220v/50Hz C PAL-N
Peru 220v/60Hz A NTSC-M
Philippines 220v/60Hz A,B,C,D, & J NTSC-M
Poland 220v/50Hz C, E, & F SECAM-D&K
Polynesia (France) 220v/50Hz SECAM-K
Portugal 210-220v/50Hz (110v) C & D PAL-B&G
Puerto Rico (U.S.A.) 115v/60Hz A & B NTSC-M
Qatar 240v/50Hz D & G PAL-B
Reunion 220v/50Hz SECAM-K
Romania 220v/50Hz C & F PAL-D&K
Rwanda 220v/50Hz D & G
Saint Kitts-Nevis 230v/60Hz D & G NTSC-M
Saint Lucia 230v/50Hz G NTSC-M
Saint Vincent & the Grenadines 230v/50Hz G NTSC-M
Samoa, Americam 120v/60Hz (230v) A, B, F, & I NTSC-M
San Marino
San Tome and Principe 220v/50Hz
Saudi Arabia 127-220v/60Hz (50Hz) A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J SECAM&PAL-B&G
Senegal 220v/50Hz (110v) C & F SECAM-K
Seychelles 240v/50Hz D & G PAL-B
Sierra Leone 230v/50Hz D & G PAL-B
Singapore 230v/50Hz D & G PAL-B
Solomon Islands 240v/50Hz
Somalia 230v/50Hz C & D PAL-B
South Africa 220-230v/50Hz (250v) D PAL-I
Spain 110-120v/50Hz (220v) C & E PAL-B&G
Sri Lanka 230-240v/50Hz D PAL-B
St. Pierre & Miquelon (France) 220v/50Hz SECAM-K
Sudan 240v/50Hz C, F, & G PAL-B
Suriname 110-220v/50Hz C & F PAL-B
Swaziland 110-115v/60Hz D NTSC-M
Sweden 220v/50Hz C & F PAL-B&G
Switzerland 220v/50Hz C & F PAL-B&G
Syria 200v/50Hz (115v) C PAL-B&G
Tahiti 127v/60Hz A SECAM-B & PAL-G
Taiwan 110v/60Hz A,B,H,I, & J NTSC-M
Tanzania 240v/50Hz (60Hz) D & G PAL-B
Thailand 220v/50Hz A & C PAL-B&M
Togo 204v/50Hz C & E SECAM-K
Tonga 240v/50Hz C & E
Trinidad and Tobago 110v/60Hz A, B, D, G, & I NTSC-M
Tunisia 220v/50Hz (110-115v) C SECAM-B&G
Turky 220v/50Hz (110v) C PAL-B
Tuvalu
U.S.S.R. (see Commonwealth of...)
Uganda 240v/50Hz G PAL-B Nation: Voltage: Plug: Video:
United Arab Emirates 220v/50Hz D & G PAL-B&G
United Kingdom 220v/50Hz C & G PAL-I
United States of America 115v/60Hz A & B NTSC-M
Uraguay 220v/50Hz C & I PAL-N
Vanuatu (ex: New Hebrides) 220-240v/? Hz
Vatican City
Venezuela 110v/60Hz I & J NTSC-M
Vietnam NTSC/SECAM-M
Virgin Islands (U.K.) 115-210v/60Hz NTSC-M
Virgin Islands (U.S.A.) 120v/60Hz A & B NTSC-M
Wake Island (U.S.A.) 110v/60Hz
Western Somoa 240v/50Hz
Yeman 230v/50Hz A, C, & D NTSC/PAL-B
Yugoslavia 220v/50Hz C & F PAL-B&H
Zaire 220v/50Hz E SECAM-K
Zambia 220v/50Hz G PAL-B
Zimbabwe 230v/50Hz D & G PAL-B
